Chile is poised to enter the world's club of developed nations, with the kind of stable economic growth that Americans and Europeans once took for granted and a can-do ethos evident in President Sebastian Pinera's spare-no-expense approach to saving the miners.
But the mine disaster also is forcing Chileans to acknowledge aspects of their society long hidden from view. The miners' faces — displayed across the pages of Chile's leading newspapers — reflect lifetimes of scratching out livings in difficult conditions. And Chilean pride about the rescue effort is balanced by frustration that the government hasn't done more to provide for all of its people.
Indeed, the miners aren't the only marginalized group whose survival has become a national concern during this bicentennial: 34 imprisoned Mapuche Indians are 67 days into a hunger strike, their latest tactic in a long and sometimes violent campaign to regain land and government resources.
"Chile is successful partly because we have inherited the Mapuche culture" of the nation's original inhabitants, said Marta Lagos, director of the Latinobarometro regional survey firm based in Santiago.
"It's an austere culture — hard, dry, tenacious, persistent, and all of this has to do with success," she told The Associated Press.
The miners survived for 17 days after 700,000 tons of rock collapsed in the central section of the San Jose gold and copper mine Aug. 5. They kept their wits, washing tiny bits of canned tuna and peaches down with sips of milk every other day to stretch a 48-hour emergency food supply. Above ground, their rescuers never gave up, despite bad maps of the mine that initially frustrated their attempts to reach their refuge with a narrow bore hole that eventually found them alive.
The government has refused to estimate the cost of the rescue effort, which now includes three huge drills working simultaneously to ensure the men are pulled out as quickly as possible. But the drilling alone will cost nearly $5 million, meaning the overall bill could reach $10 million or more before the miners see sunlight. Saturday — the anniversary of Chile's declaration of independence — will be the 46th day of their confinement.
Chile's largest mining companies are flush with cash, apply modern safety standards and have access to the world's best technology to extract the minerals that provide about 40 percent of the government's revenue. But these men toiled in the hardscrabble lower ranks of the industry, in a poorly financed mine already proven to be unsafe, precisely because the risks meant earning slightly better wages, netting up to $19,000 a year.
In celebrating them as heroes, Chile is recognizing a group of people who have lived on the margins of society. The descendants of Chile's original inhabitants, who were pushed into the country's frigid southern regions only to lose that land to timber companies and other wealthy landowners, want similar recognition.
"In this famous bicentennial, the Mapuches don't have anything to celebrate," Mapuche leader Manuel Chocori told the AP.
No Chilean government has ever fully recognized the claims of Chile's original inhabitants, who had resisted the Spanish conquest for 300 years before a mix of settlers and Indians declared independence from Spain on Sept. 17, 1810, launching a war they finally won in 1818.
Only 6 percent of Chile's 17 million people now define themselves as Mapuche in the nation's census, although the vast majority have some Indian heritage.
While Chileans pride themselves on having Latin America's strongest democracy — it has suffered only two coups in 200 years — it remains highly centralized. Most power is concentrated in the president, who appoints governors and leaders of huge state-owned enterprises such as the state-owned Codelco mining company.
Chilean society also has an authoritarian streak. Many welcomed — and some still long for — the 1973-1990 dictatorship of Gen. Augusto Pinochet, who with boots and rifles imposed a free-market model on a country that had been experimenting with socialism.
That model slashed inflation, invited unprecedented foreign investment, dropped protections for Chilean industries and let markets decide prices and salaries. Working people suffered: unemployment reached 39 percent by the time democracy finally returned.
But Pinochet's leftist successors basically followed the same economic model, and careful management of Chile's mineral wealth has enabled the country to ride out the global financial crisis, with relatively low debt, unemployment of just 6.5 percent and strong 5.5 percent economic growth expected this year. Chileans' per capita annual income of $14,000 trails only Argentina in Latin America.
Chile "is a country in good shape, a country that seen from the outside is in very good shape. But the people inside, in Chile, don't see it this way. We are always complaining," said author Isabel Allende, the niece of President Salvadore Allende, the leftist leader who died while under siege during Pinochet's coup.
Some dictatorship-era figures also believe Chile has been on the wrong track.
"This country had huge possibilities of becoming a developed country when the military government ended, with all of its wounds overcome," retired Gen. Guillermo Garin, the army's second-in-command under Pinochet, told the AP. "Unfortunately we have only managed to keep the wounds festering."
A string of post-Pinochet leftist governments ended last year with the election of conservative billionaire Pinera, a hard-driving entrepreneur who pioneered credit cards and built LAN Chile into one of Latin America's largest airlines.
He has promised to eliminate severe poverty, create 1 million jobs and make Chile "the best country in the world."
Allende said the Mapuches deserve just as much attention as the miners. "Chile has a debt with the Mapuches that has been unpaid, not for just 200 years but 500," she said.
"This Mapuche issue is bringing to the surface a series of hidden aspects of our culture, which no one wants to show off," said Lagos, the poll director. "It will be violent. It will be hard. It will be surprising to those who see Chile differently, as a peaceful country without ethnic problems, because we've hidden them."
Chile's President Sebastian Pinera holds Chilean flags next to Chile's former President Michelle Bachelet, right, after raising a giant Chilean flag in front of La Moneda government palace during the bicentennial celebrations in Santiago, Chile, Friday Sept. 17, 2010. Chile celebrates 200 years of independence on Sept. 18.
Chile's President Sebastian Pinera holds Chilean flags next to Chile's former President Michelle Bachelet, right, after raising a giant Chilean flag in front of La Moneda government palace during the bicentennial celebrations in Santiago, Chile, Friday Sept. 17, 2010. Chile celebrates 200 years of independence on Sept. 18.
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