The Muslims torched the church amid an escalation of tensions over a love affair between a Muslim and a Christian that set off a violent feud between the couple's families.
The officials said all 13 fatalities died of gunshot wounds.
In a separate incident, at least two people were wounded when rival crowds threw rocks at Cairo's central Tahrir Square.
Egyptians gather near armored vehicles after yesterday's incidents
The clashes late Tuesday night added to a sense of ongoing chaos in Egypt after the momentous 18-day democracy uprising that toppled longtime leader Hosni Mubarak. The uprising left a security vacuum after police pulled out of Cairo and several other cities three days into the uprising.
The police have yet to fully take back the streets, leaving space for a wave of violent crime and lawlessness in some parts of the nation.
In Tahrir Square, violence pitted youths camping out at the square to press their demand for a complete break with the ousted regime and another group opposed to their continued presence.
Later, army soldiers forcefully removed the protesters and their tents, scuffling with some and making several arrests.
The Christian protesters on Tuesday blocked a vital highway, burning tyres and pelting cars with rocks. An angry crowd of Muslims set upon the Christians and the two sides fought pitched battles for about four hours.
Mubarak handed power to the military when he stepped down, but the military does not have enough troops to patrol every street in Cairo, a sprawling city of some 18million people.
Even before the uprising unleashed a torrent of discontent, tensions had been growing between Christians and Muslims in this country of 80 million. Christians account for about 10 per cent of the population.
On New Year's Day, a suicide bombing outside a Coptic church in the port city of Alexandria killed 21 people, setting off days of protests. Barely a week later, an off-duty policeman boarded a train and shot dead a 71-year-old Christian man and wounding his wife and four others.
Egypt's ruling generals have pledged last week to rebuild the torched church and the country's new prime minister, Essam Sharaf, has met the protesters outside the TV building in downtown Cairo to reassure them that his interim government would not discriminate against them.
But the Christians were not appeased. At least 2,000 of them protested on the highway on Tuesday night and a separate crowd of several hundred has been camping out outside the TV building for days to voice their anger at what they perceive to be official discrimination against them.
Men chant slogans against the continued presence of protesters in Tahrir Square in Cairo
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